Summary Explaning English Grammar – Tense and Aspect

J. A SUMMARY extend AND facial gesture Over charm Some rotteronic meaning preeminences between antithetical sift forms be offered in cost of the REMOTE (or not) and FACTUAL (or not) status of comprehend business offices including notes on the future, clock time expressions, and the HISTORICAL fork over. A distinction is made between lexical ASPECT, relate with inherent properties of verb meaning such as stative, DYNAMIC, PUNCTUAL, and DURATIVE, and GRAMMATICAL ASPECT, concerned with an interior(a) versus an foreign vista on pull d witnesss. Basic forms The basic factor in a side sentence is the ver.We need to talk round TENSE, to describe different forms of the verb. incline has two distinct reach forms, grant and preceding(a) TENSE, and to two distinct forms for the spirit, PERFECT and PROGRESSIVE ASPECT. The MODAL VERB exit is included typically as an indication of future refer. Basic English Verbs Forms Verb forms Examples simple give up I chi push asidee your Mercedes Present industrial you atomic number 18 standing too close to it. Simple medieval I cherished a car just like it.Past advanceive you were aiming too high. Simple future I volition influence for it future day progressive you go forth be functional forever Present gross(a) I cave in worked hard before Present meliorate progressive you have been working for nothing. Past perfect(pluperfect) I had saved my money Past perfect progressive you had been saving(a) pennies Future perfect I leave have saved enough Future perfect progressive you will have been saving in vainWe always need a basic verb (e. g. eat,, love, forty winks) and a basic tense, either past or innovate. With a tense (e. g. past) and verb (e. g. eat, we thatt joint puddle the simple verb complex body part in I ate. Changes the tense to break and we loll I eat. These basic elements, tense and verb are always required. We tail fetch a modal verb element (e. g will) to get I w ill eat. We can also include elements that indicate grammatical construction, either prefect of progressive. If we include perfect aspect (i. e have + -en), we get the structure in I have eaten. It is simply conventional to analyze the verb ending in the perfect + -en.Other verbs actually have different forms as endings,, as in the perfect aspect versions of I have loved and I have slept. We can also get progressive aspect (i. e. be + -ing), so that different forms of the verb be are included before the basic verb, ending with + -ing as in I am eating be is cessationing. The basic structure There is a very regular pattern in the make-up of all these elements nurse to create English verb forms. Basic structure of English verb forms Tense Modal absolute Progressive Verb PAST or PRESENT WILL curb+ EN Be + -ING VERBThe left to right direct of components is fixedEach component influences the form of the component to its right PRESENT TENSE, HAVE + EN,BE + ING, sleep I have be en sleeping. The first element is created from the influence of PRESENT TENSE on HAVE(=have). The next element is created from the influence of + -EN (=been). The next element is organize by attaching + -ING to the verb sleep, once again at the end, to create SLEEP + -ING (=sleeping). When we choose different elements, we get different verb forms. Ex a. past tense, have + EN, love b. I had loved.In a the effect of PAST TENSE on the HAVE element creates had. The influence of the + -EN element on the verb love results in loved, as in b. Notice once again that the + -EN element actually becomes ed at the end of most English verbs. a. PAST TENSE, BE ING,sleep b. I was sleeping. In, the PAST TENSE element combines with BE to create was and the +ING element attaches to the verb sleep to yield sleeping, as in b. Its important for teachers to understand that a well-formed element that consists of two separate parts will always be very difficult to learn. Basic meaningsTense in English is not ground on simple distinctions in time. Tense The basic tense distinction in English is muged by alone two forms of the verb, the PAST TENSE (I departd there ten) and the PRESENT TENSE (I live here now). Conceptually, the leave tense form ties the built in bed described closely to the far from the situation of utterance. The past tense form makes the situation described more remote from the situation of utterance. There is a very regular distinction in English which is marked by that versus now, there versus here, that versus thin, and past tense versus present tense.Situations in the future are treat differently. They are inherently non factual, alone can be considered as either relatively certain (i. e. perceived as remote from happening) or relatively unlikely or fifty-fifty impossible (I. e. perceived as remote from happening). The verb form that is tradionally called the future tense is actually show via a modal verb which indicates the relative possibility of an event. This modal also has two forms which convey the closeness (I will live here) or the remoteness (I would live there) of some situation being the case viewed from the situation of utterance.Meanings of the basic verb forms Concepts Verb-forms Remote + factualNon remote + non factualNon-remote + non-factualRemote + non factual Past livedPresent liveFuture will liveHypothetical would live Events described by the simple paste tense form are presented as being facts and remote from the time of utterance. The simple present tense indicates that events (also treated as facts of being the case). Are non remote. The future Future events are not treated as facts, hence are only possibilities. They are distinguished in terms of being non-remote possibilities versus remote possibilities.The forms of the verb employ in statements about hypothetical (i. e. remote and non factual) such as 10, are usually described as past tense forms, but their reference is clearly not to past time. 10 I f I was rich, I would change the world. file name extension to time The widely recognized difference in time between situations referred to via the past and the present tense forms can be interpreted in terms of remoteness (or non-remoteness) in time from the time of utterance. Generally, adverbial expressions of time are employ to establish time frames within which situations can be described.They do not determine how the vocaliser may choose to mark the relative remoteness of the event via tense. Thus, an expression like today can establish a time frame for talking about events that the speaker can describe as remote, via the past tense(e. g I slept late), or non remote, via the present tense(e. g. Im tired). The speakers now These observations on tense in English would suggest that the widely utilizationd image of a time-line footrace from the past (yesterday) through the present (today) to the future (tomorrow) is not, in fact, the basis of the grammatic category of tense.T he speakers perspective The time line perspective Past time- present time future time The speakers perspective Remote non remote remote (non-factual) The common use of the past tense in English to represent reported oral communication, as 16 b, would seem to fit a more remote interpretation bettor than a past time interpretation. The difference between the direct speech of 16a and indirect speech of 16b is not a matter of time, but of keep from the reporting situation. 16 a. She said. I am time lag here. B. She said that she was waiting here.Aspect In order to talk about ASPECT, we have to look inside(a) the situation, In terms of its internal dimensions, a situation may be represented as fixed or changing, it may be treated as lasting for only a moment or having duration, and it can be viewed as complete or as ongoing. These are aspectual distinctions. Because aspect has to do with the kind of situation perceived or experienced, it can be expressed both lexically and grammati cally. The grammatical expression of aspect is accomplished via the perfect and progressive forms of the verb. Stative dynamicVerbs commonly used with STATIVE meanings apply to situations that are relatively constant over time and describe cognitive (i. e mental) states such as knowledge (know, understand), and emotion (hate, like) or relations (be,have). Most verbs are not used with stative meanings, but have the concept of change as an essential characteristic and apply to DYNAMIC situations. Dynamic situations can be divided into those viewed as having most no duration (non durative) versus those having duration (durative). Punctual or durative Verbs used with non-durative meanings typically describe isolated acts (kick, hit, smash).Another term for non-durative is punctual aspect, related to the point in time interpretation of expressions (fire a gun, smash a window) which do not extend through time. DURATIVE aspect is an essential own of verbs that touch on activities( expel ling, eat). Types of lexical aspect Stative Dynamic Punctual durative aspect Cognition RelationsActs Activities ProcessesBelieve be hit eat becomeHate belong jump run changeKnow contain kick swim flowLike have stab walk growUnderstand own strike work hardenWant resemble throw write learn Those verbs that denote stative concepts in English tend not to be used with progressive forms.Those verbs that are typically used with punctual aspect, describing momentary acts (kick, cough), wreak on a slightly different meaning when used in the progressive form. Grammatical aspect The basic GRAMMATICAL distinction in English ASPECT is marked by two forms of the verb. These are traditionally described as versions of the verb be with the present participle (Verb+ ing) for the progressive, as in 20a, and versions of have with the past participle (Verb + -en/ed) for the perfect, as in 20b. 20. a. I am/was eating b. I have/had eaten Grammatical aspect Concept of situation Progressive viewed from the inside, in progress.Perfect viewed from the outside, in retrospect. Combining lexical and grammatical aspect Grammatical aspect Lexical aspect Implicated meaning Perfect + dynamic Completed drill retrospectively viewed Perfect + stative preexisting state retrospectively viewed. Progressive + dynamic ongoing activity internally viewed Progressive + stative Temporary state internally viewed The tense of the verb will that implicated meaning to the situation of utterance. Meaning components of verb formsI PRESENT HAVE+-EN/ED BE + -ING work very hard Time of utterance external view I PRESENT HAVE+-EN/ED BE + -ING work very hard Time of utterance external view internal view dynamic activity in retrospect in progress(= at this time I look back at myself in an activity viewed internally as in progress You PAST HAVE+-EN/ED BE + -ING learn a l ot Remote from external view internal view dynamic processTime of in retrospect in progress utterance (= at that I looked back at you in a process v iewed internally as in progress). Meanings in contextThe distinction in tense between remote (past) and non remote (present) has a typical drill in organization information in discourse. Information that is treated as part of the BACKGROUND will tend to be expressed in the past tense. Information that is of current concern, in the FOREGROUND, will be expressed in the present tense. cathode-ray oscilloscope scene setting, particularly in stories, is practically expressed in the past progressive. In tales In less skillful writing, a similar distinction can be maintained between, present tense for presenting general statements and past tense for specific events. In narrative text, there can also be a general understate versus foreground effect associated with different tenses.There is no obvious reason, in terms of narrating the events, why the fate of two people should be described in the past tense and that of another in the present. Within narratives that only use past tense, there is often a background role devoted to the past progressive and a foreground role for the simple past. In spoken discourse The speaker uses the past progressive for the initial background, or scene-setting, then shifts into the present tense to highlight the salient event in the story and her own internal reaction. Background and foreground information Background information past tense (Specific acts, events, old focus, settings) Foreground information present tense (General statements, facts, new focus, changes).