The Health Topic of Type II Diabetes

The purpose of this research stem is to present the health topic of type II diabetes (adult onset) from a bio-psycho-social point of view. Topics discussed include definition, etiology, prevalence, costs and c be, and a discussion of American Diabetic Association (ADA) and federal policies.

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous syndrome, characterized by a lack of insulin secretion and/or an increased cellular resistance to insulin which results in hyperglycemia and metabolic disturbances. Diabetes symptoms include unwarranted thirst and hunger, frequent urination, blurred vision, weight loss, and recurrent infections; diabetes is much asymptomatic during early stages. Conditions associated with the disease include severe neurological, cardiovascular, ocular, and renal complications (ADA, 1996, pp. S4-S60).

There are different types of diabetes. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) usually presents before 30 age of age with an abrupt onset of symptoms requiring immediate aesculapian manipulation; around 10 percent of all diabetes patients impart this type. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( type II diabetes; type II diabetes) is found in adults 45 years or older; this type of diabetes is usually symptom let go of for years followed by a slow onset and growth of symptoms. Around 90 percent of all patients have NIDDM and incidence increases with

Diabetes is a inveterate illness requiring continuing medical exam care and education. A handling team includes physicians, nurses, dietitians, and mental health professionals. Hyperglycemia is the hallmark of diabetes; treatment is aimed at lowering stock glucose levels. To achieve normal blood glucose levels, self-management and intensive treatment programs are necessary. Care involves self observe of blood glucose, meticulous meal planning, regular exercise, insulin regimens, instruction, continuing education and reinforcement, and periodic goal assessment (ADA, pp. S4-S60). Nutritional recommendations of the ADA patronize the individual for treatment and care. An important focus includes screening concentration time or spreading the nutrient load (Jenkins & Jenkins, 1995, pp. 1491-1495).

American Diabetes Association. (1993b). ADA's lobbying efforts focus on health care reform. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 93 (7), 754.

The ADA states its position on alimentation to include that it should be essential at all levels of medical education; it is central in the prevention of disease as well as health maintenance (White, Young, & Lasswell, 1994, pp. 555-558). ADA attempts to avatar food choices and improve pubic nutrition status; they are an advocate for dietetics professionals who promote optimal nutrition and health (Parks, 1994, p. 667).

In 1992 it was estimated that percapita annual health care expenditures were more than three quantify greater for diabetics ($9,493) than nondiabetics ($2,604). Percapita expenses for confirmed diabetics ($11,157) were more than four times greater than for nondiabetics. Diabetics constituted 4.5 percent of the U.S. population in 1992 and accounted for 14.6 percent of the intact U.S. health care expenditures ($85 billion) (Rubin, Altman, & Mendelson, 1994, pp. 809A-809F).

In 1993, the ADA issued a Statement of Principles for Health-Care Reform. Changes needed included the following: the insurance of un
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